Cell pillar structures and integrated flows

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments comprise apparatuses and methods, such as a memory stack having a continuous cell pillar. In various embodiments, the apparatus includes a source material, a buffer material, a select gate drain (SGD), and a memory stack arranged between the source material and the SGD. The memory stack comprises alternating levels of conductor materials and dielectric materials. A continuous channel-fill material forms a cell pillar that is continuous from the source material to at least a level corresponding to the SGD.

BACKGROUND

Computers and other electronic systems, for example, digital televisions, digital cameras, and cellular phones, often have one or more memory and other devices to store information. Increasingly, memory and other devices are being reduced in size to achieve a higher density of storage capacity and/or a higher density of functionality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A through FIG. 1H show various portions of a fabrication process to form strings of memory cells, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show various portions of a fabrication process to form strings of memory cells, according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system embodiment, including a memory device according to various embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The description that follows includes illustrative apparatuses (circuitry, devices, structures, systems, and the like) and methods (e.g., processes, protocols, sequences, techniques, and technologies) that embody the disclosed subject matter. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the subject matter. After reading this disclosure, it will be evident to person of ordinary skill in the art however, that various embodiments of the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. Further, well-known apparatuses, methods, and operations have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the description of various embodiments.

As used herein, the term “or” may be construed in an inclusive or exclusive sense. Additionally, although various embodiments discussed below focus on a three-dimensional (3D) NAND memory device, the embodiments are readily applicable to a number of other electronic devices. Consequently, the described embodiments are merely given for clarity in disclosure, and thus, are not limited to NAND memory devices or even to memory devices in general.

Generally, a 3D electronic device may be considered to be a device formed by a process that combines multiple levels of electronic devices (e.g., one device formed over another) using planar formations (e.g., multiple devices on a single level). Since multiple levels in 3D devices may use approximately the same area on a substrate, an overall density of devices (e.g., memory devices) can be increased in relation to the number of levels. Generally discussed herein are three-dimensional (3D) memories, memory cells, and methods of making and using the same. In one or more embodiments, a 3D vertical memory can include a memory stack sharing a common cell-pillar. A memory stack can include a stack of at least two memory cells and a dielectric between adjacent memory cells, where each memory cell includes a control gate (CG) and a charge storage structure, such as a floating gate (FG) or charge trap (CT), configured to store electrons or holes accumulated thereon. Information is represented by the amount of electrons or holes stored by the cell.

The methods and apparatuses discussed herein can be extended to NOR devices, microcontroller devices, other memory types, general purpose logic, and a host of other apparatuses. Various 3D devices including repeating devices (e.g., SRAM), transistors, standard CMOS logic, and so on may all benefit from application of the fabrication processes disclosed herein.

Prior art devices allowed a continuous cell pillar only from the source through the memory cells. However, a separate photolithography step caused a shoulder to be formed when the drain-side select gate (SGD) was later formed over the memory cells. The shoulder caused a pinch-point, thereby reducing current flow from source to a bitline formed over the SGD.

In various embodiments disclosed herein, a continuous cell pillar is formed substantially through all levels of the 3D devices. Therefore, the cell pillar (e.g., channel) is a continuous formation from at least the source-side select gate (SGS) to SGD. The continuous cell pillar improves current flow over prior art devices by, for example, removing polysilicon-to-polysilicon channel interfaces in between the SGD and the cell pillar and also between the SGS and the cell pillar, as well as eliminating structural offsets within the cell pillar formation of the prior art that limits the current path. Further, the disclosed subject matter reduces process steps and costs. In various embodiments, the channel-to-source interface may be defined by integrating a buffer polysilicon to a transition metal/semiconductor source (e.g., WSi_(x)) source or an etch stop formed using a high-dielectric constant (high-k) material.

Consequently, the disclosed subject matter eliminates certain photolithographic and registration operations and eliminates particular interface and critical dimension/registration offsets as found in the prior art in between, for example, the SGD, the SGS, and the cell-pillar. Further, the disclosed subject matter eliminates or reduces the number of chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) steps for both the SGS and the cell pillar, reducing SG-to top and bottom access line (e.g., wordline) distances by approximately 50%. Further, an N+ buffer polysilicon may be utilized between the WSi_(x) source and the channel material forming an ohmic contact.

FIG. 1A through FIG. 1H show various portions of a fabrication process to form strings of memory cells, according to an embodiment. As discussed above, the techniques and fabrication processes described herein can be extended to a number of different apparatuses (e.g., in addition to memory devices) to be fabricated using various processes, including, for example, a three-dimensional process. However, fabrication of a NAND memory device 100 will be described below to retain clarity and consistency in the discussions that follow.

In FIG. 1A, initial formation of the NAND memory device includes forming a source material 101 having levels of various materials formed thereover including various dielectric materials and semiconductor materials as discussed in more detail below. Each of these and other materials described herein may be applied, deposited, or otherwise formed according to techniques and methods known independently in the art. The techniques and methods can include one or more deposition activities, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic level deposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or other techniques. Forming multiple materials in various levels may be accomplished via stacked deposition operations.

Although the process acts and operations described herein may refer to particular conductor, semiconductor, or dielectric materials, such as silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or others, a person of ordinary skill in the art and familiar with this disclosure will recognize that other conductor, semiconductor, and dielectric materials may be substituted and still be within a scope of the disclosed subject matter. Thus, the material choices and selections presented are merely provided as an aid in understanding one example of a fabrication process.

For example, various types of semiconductor materials, (e.g., single-crystal or amorphous silicon, germanium, other elemental semiconductor materials, compound semiconductor materials, etc.) may be used as an alternative for or in conjunction with other types of semiconductor material. Additionally, various types of dielectric materials, such as tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅), silicon nitride (Si_(x)N_(y)), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), hafnium oxide (HfO₂), and a variety of other organic or inorganic dielectric materials, may be used as an alternative to or in conjunction with others of the materials described. Also, various other combinations of materials may also be substituted or included. For example, in certain applications, described semiconductor materials may be substituted with conductor materials including, for example, silver (Ag), copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), platinum (Pt), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), or tantalum (Ta).

Further, various formation, process, and other discussions that follow may refer to one material placed, for example, “over” or “above” another material. Such descriptors are relative terms only and obviously depend upon an exact orientation of any resulting device. However, a person of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand the context of such relative terms upon reading and understanding the disclosure provided herein in conjunction with the respective drawings.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1A, the source material 101 can include, for example, a conductively doped poly-silicon material or a conductively doped region of a semiconductor substrate. As referred to herein, a semiconductor substrate can be any of various types of substrates used in the semiconductor and allied industries, such as silicon wafers, other elemental semiconductor wafers, compound semiconductor wafers, thin film head assemblies, polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) films deposited or otherwise formed with a semiconducting material layer (followed by an annealing activity, such as excimer laser annealing (ELA) in some embodiments), as well as numerous other types of substrates known independently in the art. Also, in some embodiments, the source material 101 may be formed over a non-semiconductor material (e.g., quartz, ceramic, etc.), or vice-versa. Other embodiments for the source material 101 are discussed, below, with reference to FIG. 2A.

A buffer material 103A is formed over the source material 101 followed by an etch stop 105A. The buffer material 103A may be selected to be a conductive material, for example, a doped polysilicon. In a specific embodiment, the buffer material 103A may be doped as an n-type polysilicon. In various embodiments, the etch stop 105A may comprise a high dielectric constant (high-κ) material such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) or other high dielectric constant oxides. In other embodiments, one or more high-κ materials including, for example, hafnium silicate (HfSiO₄), zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄), hafnium dioxide (HfO₂), and zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) may be selected for the etch stop 105A. Generally, a high dielectric constant material may be considered as any material having a dielectric constant equal or greater than the dielectric constant of silicon dioxide. The dielectric constant for silicon dioxide is approximately 3.9.

Formation of the etch stop 105A is followed by formation of a source-side select gate (SGS) structure including a first dielectric material 107 (e.g., silicon dioxide, SiO₂), a semiconductor material 109 (e.g., conductively doped poly-silicon), and a second dielectric material 111 (e.g., SiO₂).

The first dielectric material 107 and the second dielectric material 111 may be of the same or different materials. Also, the first dielectric material 107 and the second dielectric material 111 may be formed from the same material but by different methods. For example, the first dielectric material 107 may comprise a thermally-grown silicon dioxide material and the second dielectric material 111 may comprise a deposited silicon dioxide material (or vice versa). As a person of ordinary skill in the art understands, there are certain optical, electrical, and other differences between these two types of formed silicon dioxides. Thus, the material choices and selections presented are merely provided as an aid in understanding one example of a fabrication process.

Depending upon an etchant used in later process steps, the semiconductor material 109 may be selected to be a p-type polysilicon (e.g., doped with boron). For example, as discussed in more detail below, a subsequent etch-back process step may employ tetramethyl-ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as an etchant. TMAH selectively etches n-type and undoped polysilicon but only very slowly etches p-type polysilicon. Selecting the semiconductor material 109 to be p-type polysilicon reduces the amount of the semiconductor material 109 that is etched during a subsequent TMAH etch process.

Still continuing with FIG. 1A, a number of alternating materials can be formed over the second dielectric material 111. In various embodiments, forming the alternating materials begins a fabrication process to form vertical memory cells (e.g., a memory array). In other embodiments, forming the alternating materials begins a fabrication process to form other active device types. The number of alternating materials can be selected depending upon the application and device type desired.

The alternating materials comprise a number of additional dielectric materials 111 and a number of conductor materials 113A. Each of the levels of the dielectric material 111 is separated from a respective adjacent one of the levels of the dielectric material 111 by at least a respective one of the levels of the conductor material 113A.

Each of the additional dielectric materials 111 may comprise silicon dioxide or a number of other dielectric materials. In various embodiments, one or more of the additional dielectric materials 111 may comprise a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte may comprise a chalcogenide, for example, silver-doped germanium selenide (Ag—GeSe), silver-doped germanium sulfide (Ag—GeS₂), copper-doped germanium sulfide (Cu—GeS₂), or copper telluride (CuTe_(x)); or an oxide, e.g. a transition-metal oxide (e.g., ZrO_(x)), a semiconductor oxide (e.g., SiO_(x)), a rare earth oxide (e.g., YbO_(x)), another metal oxide (e.g., Al_(y)O_(x)), or combinations thereof, (e.g., ZrSiO_(x)). In these embodiments, one or more of the memory cells in the memory array may comprise resistance change memory (RCM) cells. The RCM cells include the type of cell known as a conductive-bridging RAM (CBRAM) memory cell. An operation of the RCM is based on a voltage-driven ionic migration and electrochemical deposition of metal ions within a solid electrolyte.

The conductor materials 113A may comprise conductively doped poly-silicon or a number of other conductor or semiconductor materials. Although each of the dielectric materials 111 and the conductor materials 113A may be construed as being comprised of the same material on each level, respectively, various levels may comprise different materials. For example, a first level of the dielectric material 111 may comprise silicon dioxide while a later-formed second level of the dielectric material 111 may comprise tantalum pentoxide. Similarly, a first level of the conductor material 113A may comprise conductively doped poly-silicon while a later-formed second level of the conductor material 113A may comprise conductively-doped germanium, a doped compound-semiconductor material, or a metallic-ion donor such as silver. In a specific exemplary embodiment, the conductor material 113A is a n-type polysilicon.

A drain-side select gate (SGD) comprising a semiconductor material 115 is formed over the alternating materials having the number of additional dielectric materials 111 and the number of conductor materials 113A. As with the semiconductor material 109 and depending upon an etchant used in later process steps, the semiconductor material 115 may be selected to be a p-type polysilicon (e.g., polysilicon doped with boron or other elements from Group 13 of the periodic table). For example, as discussed in more detail below, a subsequent etch-back process step may employ TMAH as an etchant. TMAH selectively etches n-type and undoped polysilicon but only very slowly etches p-type polysilicon. In other embodiments, the semiconductor material 115 may be used for other types of active semiconductor switching devices.

A chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) etch-stop material 117 may be formed over the semiconductor material 115 and comprises a relatively hard material to act as a stopping point for subsequent CMP processes. The CMP etch-stop material 117 may comprise one or more materials including dielectric materials such as various oxides, oxynitrides, or nitrides.

A cap material 119 is formed over the CMP etch-stop material 117 and provides protection for the underlying materials during subsequent process steps. The cap material 119 may comprise one more materials including oxides, nitrides, high-κ dielectric materials, polysilicon, and other materials independently known in the art. A hard-mask material 121 and a photoresist level 123 allow initial formation of a partial via, or shallow trench, for a subsequent pillar etch operation, discussed below. The hard-mask material 121 may comprise, for example, carbon with a dielectric anti-reflective coating. The cap material 119 and the hard-mask material 121 may be considered to be sacrificial materials provided to aid in subsequent formation steps. After the hard-mask material 121 is patterned and opened for the subsequent pillar etch operation, the photoresist level 123 may be removed.

Table I, below, shows a specific exemplary embodiment of various dimensions (e.g., thicknesses) of the various materials discussed above. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that dimensions and relative dimensional ratios, other than those shown, may function for various device types. However, the dimensions given are provided simply as an aid in understanding the various embodiments discussed herein and should not be considered as the only workable, or even preferable, dimensions.

TABLE I Material Level Element Number Dimension (nm) Source Material 101  50 to 200 Buffer Material 103A 30 Etch Stop 105A 20 to 50 First Dielectric Material 107 20 to 50 Semiconductor Material 109 100 to 300 Dielectric Material 111 20 Conductor Material 113A 30 Semiconductor Material 115 100 to 300 CMP Etch-Stop Material 117 10 to 20 Cap Material 119 200 

Referring now to FIG. 1B, formation of the NAND memory device 100 continues with formation of a pillar opening 110. The pillar opening 110 is performed in preparation for a subsequent channel formation, discussed below, and may be etched or otherwise formed to be a partial via of various shapes or a trench. For example, in various embodiments, the pillar opening 110 is a trench. In other embodiments, the pillar opening 110 may be comprised of geometries other than a trench. However, for ease in understanding fabrication operations of the disclosed subject matter discussed herein, the pillar opening 110 can be considered to be an opening (e.g., an aperture) formed at least partially through the various materials discussed above.

In a specific embodiment, the pillar opening 110 can be formed by an anisotropic dry etch process (e.g., reactive ion etch (RIE) or plasma etch). In other embodiments, depending upon materials selected, the pillar opening 110 may be formed by one or more various types of chemical etchants (e.g., such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH)), mechanical techniques, other types of ion milling, or laser ablation techniques. Related industries such as those involved in constructing micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) devices may independently supply techniques for still further means to form the pillar opening 110.

The etch stop 105A of FIG. 1A allows the pillar opening 110 to be formed in a single step, unlike the prior art that requires a separate formation and etch of the SGD pillar as discussed above. As disclosed herein, formation of the pillar opening 110 provides a single continuous opening for later formation of channel material. As shown in FIG. 1B, formation of the pillar opening 110 may etch partially into the etch stop 105A (FIG. 1A), forming an etch stop 105B that is at least partially-opened. In a specific exemplary embodiment, an aspect ratio of the overall height of the pillar opening 110 to the width of the opening may be up to 35:1 or more.

In FIG. 1C, the hard-mask material 121 may be removed. The conductor materials 113A (FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B) are recessed during a control-gate recess operation by etching or otherwise have portions removed laterally (forming a recess away from the sidewall of the pillar opening 110). The control-gate recess operation forms a number of control gates 113B from the conductor material 113A of FIG. 1A, thereby forming a recessed pillar opening 120. An isotropic etchant with a relatively high selectivity ratio may be used to form the recesses of the control gates 113B.

In a specific embodiment, TMAH may be used to form the recesses. TMAH has approximately a 6:1 selectivity ratio based on its ability to etch n-type polysilicon approximately six times faster than p-type polysilicon or dielectric materials. Consequently, due to the high selectivity ratio of TMAH, the n-type polysilicon of the control gates 113B is laterally etched faster than the p-type polysilicon of the semiconductor material 109, 115 or the dielectric materials 107, 111, 119. Although the recessed pillar opening 120 is described as being performed using TMAH as an isotropic etch, a skilled artisan will recognize that other types of chemical and/or mechanical etch or formation processes may be used with an appropriate material selection. For example, other isotropic etchants may also be employed such as a hydrofluoric/nitric/acetic (HNA) acid chemical etchant.

During the TMAH etch operation and potential subsequent cleaning steps, the etch stop 105B is opened to the underlying buffer material 103A (FIG. 1B) that may be at least partially etched to form buffer material 103B (FIG. 1C). Since the buffer material 103B is a conductive material (e.g., n-type polysilicon), the recessed pillar opening 120 allows a subsequently formed channel to be in electrical communication with the source material 101.

With reference now to FIG. 1D, an inter-polysilicon dielectric (IPD) material 125A, (e.g., a charge blocking dielectric (CBD) material), is formed on the sidewalls of the recessed pillar opening 120 of FIG. 1C, followed by a charge-storage material 127A being formed adjacent to the IPD material 125A. As indicated in FIG. 1D, the IPD material 125A and the charge-storage material 127A are primarily or entirely formed on opposing faces of the recessed pillar opening 120 (FIG. 1C). The formation of the IPD material 125A and the charge-storage material 127A results in a pillar opening 130 that is temporarily reduced in size from the various pillar openings discussed above.

The IPD material 125A may comprise one or more of the various dielectric materials discussed herein, including various high-κ dielectric materials. In various embodiments, the IPD material 125A may comprise an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) material. The charge-storage material 127A may comprise one or more of the semiconductor materials discussed herein. For example, in various embodiments, the charge-storage material 127A comprises polysilicon. In various embodiments, the charge-storage material 127A comprises silicon nitride (e.g., Si₃N₄).

In FIG. 1E, an etch process substantially removes excess amounts of the IPD material 125A and charge-storage material 127A from sidewalls and bottom of the pillar opening 130 of FIG. 1D, forming a cleared pillar opening 140 and leaving a number of charge-storage structures 127B electrically separated from at least proximate (e.g., adjacent) ones of the control gates 113B by a partially surrounding IPD material 125B. Techniques to remove the materials from the pillar opening 130 are known independently in the art.

For example, the charge-storage material 127A may be at least partially removed from the pillar opening 130, and remaining portions of the charge-storage structures 127B may be left in the recesses. In various embodiments, the charge-storage structures 127B may be used to form floating gates or charge traps. Portions of the charge-storage material 127A can be removed using a Certas™ (e.g., a vapor ammonia), an ammonium fluoride and nitric acid mix (NH4F—HNO3), an ozone (O3) or hydrofluoric acid (HF) mix or cycle (e.g., exposed surfaces can be exposed to ozone to create oxide (e.g., oxidize) the surface and the oxidized surface can be exposed to hydrofluoric acid to remove the oxide), hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid mix (HF—HNO3), hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide mix (HF—H2O2) or a TMAH process. The process used to remove portions of the charge-storage material 127A can be selected as a function of the doping of the charge-storage material 127A. For example, if the charge-storage material 127A is n-type polysilicon, the TMAH process can be used to remove the portions of the charge-storage material 127A.

In FIG. 1F, a tunneling material 129 is formed on sidewalls and bottom within the cleared pillar opening 140 (FIG. 1E), followed by formation of a sacrificial liner 131A. The tunneling material 129 may comprise one or more of the dielectric materials discussed herein. The sacrificial liner 131A protects the tunneling material 129 from a subsequent punch-etch operation.

The tunneling material 129 may be formed from a number of dielectric materials discussed herein that allow for Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons or direct tunneling of holes or other injection mechanisms. For example, in various embodiments, the tunneling material 129 comprises deposited and/or thermally-grown silicon dioxide.

In various embodiments, the sacrificial liner 131A may comprise polysilicon. In other embodiments, if the tunneling material is a thermally-grown silicon dioxide, the sacrificial liner 131A may comprise a deposited silicon dioxide that can be chemically removed with a buffered-oxide etchant (BOE), such as such as a combination of ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) that readily etches materials such as silicon dioxide, but has little affect on materials such as polysilicon. In other embodiments, the sacrificial liner 131A may comprise the same material as the conductor material 113A, and is removed using an isotropic etchant, such as a directional RIE or plasma etch. In still other embodiments, the sacrificial liner 131A may comprise another dielectric such as borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) supplied from a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) source. In still other embodiments, the sacrificial liner 131A may comprise a solvent-based liquid that is applied to substrates using a spin-coat process, such as photoresist. The use and application of these various materials will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understanding the disclosure provided herein.

Referring now to FIG. 1G, sacrificial liner portions 131B is formed by, for example, a punch-etch operation that clears at least the bottom portion of the sacrificial liner 131A (FIG. 1F) and the tunneling material 129 opening the pillar opening to the source material 101. The cap material 119 may optionally be removed by the punch-etch operation.

In FIG. 1H, any remaining sacrificial liner portions 131B (FIG. 1G) may be removed and the cleared pillar opening 140 may be filled with a channel-fill material 133 comprising, for example, poly-silicon or other semiconductor material. In various embodiments, the channel-fill material 133 may comprise any one or more of the elemental or compound semiconductor materials discussed above. The channel-fill material 133 may also comprise any of a number of types of single-crystal or amorphous semiconductor materials. For example, the channel-fill material 133 may comprise an epitaxial deposition of silicon, other elemental semiconductor, or compound semiconductor. In other examples, the channel-fill material 133 may comprise a polysilicon material (e.g., a conductively doped polysilicon material) formed by, for example, thermal decomposition or pyrolysis of silane such as a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process. Other techniques known independently in the art, such as DC sputtering, followed by a post-anneal activity in some embodiments, may also be utilized.

Although not shown explicitly in FIG. 1H, the cap material 119 may be removed (e.g., if it has not already been removed in a prior process (e.g., an etch step) before the process associated with FIG. 1H). The channel-fill material 133 may then be planarized (e.g., using a chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) technique) so that the upper surface of the channel-fill material 133 is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the CMP etch-stop material 117.

With reference now to FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, various portions of a fabrication process to form strings of memory cells or other electronic devices, are shown according to an embodiment. The NAND memory device structure 200 of FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B is similar to the NAND memory device 100 of FIG. 1A through FIG. 1H. However, the etch stop 105A (FIG. 1A) comprising, for example, a high-κ dielectric material, may no longer be required as an etch stop for formation of the pillar opening 110 (FIG. 1B). As indicated above, the etch stop 105A of FIG. 1A allows the pillar opening 110 to be formed in a single step.

Instead of the etch stop 105A, a source material 201 is selected to include a transition metal that may be combined with a semiconductor material, forming, for example, an inorganic compound. In a specific exemplary embodiment, tungsten disilicide (WSi₂), or more generally, tungsten silicide (WSi_(x)) may be formed for the source material 201 from, for example, using source gases of tungsten hexafluoride (WF₆) and monosilane (SiH₄) or dichlorosilane (H₂SiCl₂) in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The resulting WSi_(x) film may subsequently be annealed to form a more conductive, stoichiometric form. In this example, the WSi_(x) film used to form the source material 201 is a relatively hard material and thus forms an etch stop.

FIG. 2B shows the channel-fill material 133 added to the NAND memory structure 200. As with the NAND memory device 100 of FIG. 1H, a resulting cell pillar formed from the channel-fill material 133 is continuous from the semiconductor material 115 to the source material 201 (or the source material 101 in FIG. 1H). In a specific exemplary embodiment where NAND memory devices are formed using the disclosed subject matter, the cell pillar is continuous and formed in a single-process operation from the SGD to the source.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system 300 with a memory device that may include one or more of the various embodiments described herein. The system 300 is shown to include a controller 303, an input/output (I/O) device 311 (e.g., a keypad, a touchscreen, or a display), a memory device 309, a wireless interface 307, a static random access memory (SRAM) device 301, and a shift register 315, each coupled to one another via a bus 313. A battery 305 may supply power to the system 300 in one embodiment. The memory device 309 may include a NAND memory, a flash memory, a NOR memory, a combination of these, or the like. The memory device 309 may include one or more of the novel devices and structures described herein.

The controller 303 may include, for example, one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors, micro-controllers, or the like. The memory device 309 may be used to store information transmitted to or by the system 300. The memory device 309 may optionally also be used to store information in the form of instructions that are executed by the controller 303 during operation of the system 300 and may be used to store information in the form of user data either generated, collected, or received by the system 300 (such as image data). The instructions may be stored as digital information and the user data, as disclosed herein, may be stored in one section of the memory as digital information and in another section as analog information. As another example, a given section at one time may be labeled to store digital information and then later may be reallocated and reconfigured to store analog information. The controller 303 may include one or more of the novel devices and structures described herein.

The I/O device 311 may be used to generate information. The system 300 may use the wireless interface 307 to transmit and receive information to and from a wireless communication network with a radio frequency (RF) signal. Examples of the wireless interface 307 may include an antenna, or a wireless transceiver, such as a dipole antenna. However, the scope of the inventive subject matter is not limited in this respect. Also, the I/O device 311 may deliver a signal reflecting what is stored as either a digital output (if digital information was stored), or as an analog output (if analog information was stored). While an example in a wireless application is provided above, embodiments of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may also be used in non-wireless applications as well. The I/O device 311 may include one or more of the novel devices and structures described herein.

The various illustrations of the procedures and apparatuses are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments and are not intended to provide a complete description of all the elements and features of the apparatuses and methods that might make use of the structures, features, and materials described herein. Based upon a reading and understanding of the disclosed subject matter provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other combinations and permutations of the various embodiments. The additional combinations and permutations are all within a scope of the present invention.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it may be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting the claims. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a source material; a drain-side select gate (SGD); a memory stack arranged between the source material and the SGD and having alternating levels of conductor materials and dielectric materials between a level corresponding to the source material and a level corresponding to the SGD; and a channel-fill material that is continuous from the source material to at least the level corresponding to the SGD, the memory stack including a plurality of recessed charge storage structures, a substantial amount of each of the plurality of charge storage structures being formed within a level of respective ones of the conductor material and laterally away from the channel-fill material, each of the plurality of charge storage structures further being formed substantially between adjacent ones of the alternating levels of dielectric materials with each of the plurality of recessed charge storage structures being separated from a remaining portion of the conductor material on the same level by a dielectric material.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the channel-fill material forms a cell pillar.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a source-side select gate (SGS) formed between the level corresponding to the source material and the memory stack; and an etch stop formed between a level corresponding to the SGS and the level corresponding to the source material.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the etch stop is formed from a dielectric material having a high dielectric constant.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the etch stop comprises aluminum oxide.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source material includes a transition metal combined with a semiconductor material.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source material comprises tungsten silicide.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a buffer material formed between the level corresponding to the source material and the memory stack.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conductor material comprises a semiconductor material.
 10. the apparatus of claim 9, wherein the semiconductor material comprises a conductively-doped polysilicon.
 11. A method of forming a memory apparatus, the method comprising: forming a source material; forming a buffer material over the source material; forming a memory stack over the buffer material, the memory stack comprising alternating levels of conductor materials and dielectric materials; forming a drain-side select gate (SGD) over the memory stack; forming a continuous cell pillar from the source material to at least a level corresponding to the SGD; and etching a portion of respective ones of the conductive materials within the memory stack laterally away from the continuous cell pillar to form a plurality of recessed charge storage structures, each of the plurality of charge storage structures being formed within a level of the respective ones of the conductor material and further being formed substantially between adjacent ones of the alternating levels of dielectric materials.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming an etch stop over the buffer material, wherein forming a memory stack over the buffer material further comprises forming the memory stack over the etch stop.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein forming the memory stack includes forming a number of levels of the conductor materials and a number of levels of the dielectric materials, each of the number of levels of the conductor materials being separated from a respective adjacent one of the levels of the conductor materials by at least a respective one of the levels of the dielectric materials.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming a continuous pillar opening from the SGD to at least the etch stop; and filling the continuous pillar opening with a channel-fill material.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein forming an etch stop over the buffer material comprises forming a dielectric material having a high dielectric constant over the buffer material.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein forming an etch stop over the buffer material comprises forming aluminum oxide over the buffer material.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the source material comprises forming a transition metal combined with a semiconductor material.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the source material comprises forming tungsten silicide.
 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a continuous pillar opening from the source material to at least a level corresponding to the SGD.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming the continuous pillar opening from the source material to at least a level corresponding to the SGD comprises etching the continuous pillar opening through the memory stack and the buffer material, wherein the source material acts as an etch stop.
 21. An apparatus, comprising: a source material; an active semiconductor switching device; a plurality of active devices arranged between the source material and the active semiconductor switching device, alternating levels of semiconductor materials and dielectric materials are between a level corresponding to the active semiconductor switching device and a level corresponding to the source material; and a channel-fill material that is continuous from the source material to at least the level corresponding to the active semiconductor switching device, the memory stack including a plurality of recessed charge storage structures, a substantial amount of each of the plurality of charge storage structures being formed within a level of respective ones of the semiconductor material and laterally away from the channel-fill material, each of the plurality of charge storage structures further being formed substantially between adjacent ones of the alternating levels of dielectric materials with each of the plurality of recessed charge storage structures being separated from a remaining portion of the semiconductor material on the same level by a dielectric material.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the plurality of active devices comprise a memory stack.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein at least one of the dielectric materials is a solid electrolyte.
 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein at least one of the dielectric materials is a chalcogenide.
 25. A method comprising: forming a source material; forming a buffer material over the source material; forming at least one active device over the buffer material, the at least one active device comprising at least one conductive material formed between dielectric materials; forming an active semiconductor switching device over the at least one active device; forming a continuous pillar opening through the at least one active device and the active semiconductor switching device to the source material; filling the continuous pillar opening with a channel-fill material; and etching a portion of the at least one conductive material within the at least one active device laterally away from the continuous pillar to form a recessed structure, the recessed structure being formed within a level of the at least one conductive material and further being formed substantially between adjacent ones of the dielectric materials.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising forming an etch stop over the buffer material, wherein forming at least one active device over the buffer material comprises forming at least one active device over the etch stop.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein forming at least one active device comprises forming a memory cell.
 28. The method of claim 25, wherein forming at least one active device comprises forming a conductive-bridging random-access memory cell.
 29. The method of claim 25, wherein forming the source material comprises forming a transition metal combined with a semiconductor material. 